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This pioneering study charts the one-way traffic of cultural and historical objects during five centuries of European colonialism. It presents abundant examples of disappeared colonial objects and systematises these into war booty, confiscations by missionaries and contestable acquisitions by private persons and other categories. Former colonies consider this as a historical injustice that has not been undone.Former colonial powers have kept most of the objects in their custody. In the 1970s the Netherlands and Belgium returned objects to their former colonies Indonesia and DR Congo; but their number was considerably smaller than what had been asked for. Nigeria's requests for the return of some Benin objects, confiscated by British soldiers in 1897, are rejected.As there is no consensus on how to deal with colonial objects, disputes about other categories of contestable objects are analysed. For Nazi-looted art-works the 1998 Washington Conference Principles have been widely accepted. Although non-binding, they promote fair and just solutions and help people to reclaim art works that they lost involuntarily.To promote solutions for colonial objects, nine Principles for Dealing with Colonial Cultural and Historical Objects are presented, based on the Washington Conference Principles. The nine are part of a model to facilitate mediation in disputes about them. This model can help to break the impasse in negotiations between former colonisers and colonies.Europe, the former colonisers, should do more pro-active provenance research into the acquisitions from the colonial era, both in public institutions and private collections."This is a very commendable treatise which has painstakingly and with detachment explored the emotive issue of the return of cultural objects removed in colonial times to the metropolis. He has looked at the issues from every continent with clarity and perspicuity."Prof. Folarin Shyllon (University of Ibadan)"Momumentaal werk van hoge kwaliteit. Het hoofdstuk over Congo is bijzonder goed gedocumenteerd en leerrijk"Dr. Guido Gryseels (Director-General of the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren)CLUES is an international scientific series covering research in the field of culture, history and heritage which have been written by, or were performed under the supervision of members of the research institute CLUE+.CONTENTS:Part I: IntroductionChapter 1: A neglected issue in an evolving world1.1. Decisive experiences:1.2. Changes that matter1.3. Main questions and approachesChapter 2: On colonial cultural objects2.1. Return2.2. Cultural objects2.3. Typology of colonial cultural objects2.3.1. Gifts to colonial administrators and institutions2.3.2. Objects acquired during private expeditions2.3.3. Objects acquired during military expeditions2.3.4. Missionary collecting2.3.5. ArchivesPart II: Colonialism and cultural objectsChapter 3: Colonial expansion3.1. Early migration of objects to Europe3.2. Meagre protectionChapter 4: Settler and exploitation colonialism4.1. Peak in migration of objects4.2. Protection and preservation measuresChapter 5: Decolonisation, the first claims and the ongoing seepage of objects5.1. Whimsicalities in collecting5.2. Early calls for return5.3. Drain of cultural objects before and after independence5.4. Decolonisation an unresolved conflictPart III: Colonial cultural objects and the lawChapter 6.: Increasing protection?6.1. Hard law international instruments6.2. Soft law international instruments6.2.1. Instruments for the repatriation of human remains6.2.2. Instruments for the restitution of Nazi-looted art6.2.3. A human rights and a justice perspectivePart IV: Ambiguities between the Netherlands and IndonesiaChapter 7: The 1975 Joint Recommendations7.1. Cultural heritage policy until 19497.2. Negotiations between 1949 and 19757.3. Towards an agreement7.4. Dynamics of the agreement's implementationChapter 8: New insights into the Joint Recommendations8.1. New research findings8.2. The 1975 agreement: lessons for other bilateral negotiationsPart V: Approaches in other bilateral agreementsChapter 9: The 1970 agreement between Belgium and Congo9.1. Cultural policies up to independence9.2. Deliberations and transfer of objectsChapter 10: Nordic model for Denmark, Iceland and Greenland?10.1. Scandinavian colonialism10.2. Danish colonial collecting10.3. Ancient sagas back to Iceland10.4. Peculiar agreement with GreenlandChapter 11: Melanesian model for Australia and Papua New Guinea?11.1. Colonial collecting in Papua New Guinea11.2. The process of returnChapter 12.: The Benin Dialogue (2010 - ....)12.1. Dispersal over Europe and North America12.2. Prelude to the dialogue12.3. The dialogue12.4. Elements for the modelPart VI: New insights, a new approachChapter 13: The neglected effect of colonialism13.1. Towards an overview of the colonial one-way traffic13.2. Overview of returns so far13.3. Returns and other categories of contested objectsChapter 14: Model for negotiating the future of colonial cultural objects14.1. The seven phases14.2. The four general guidelines